Solutions
One of Lima's largest environmental issues is air pollution. One solution that could be used to solve Lima, Peru's environmental issue of carbon dioxide emissions in the air and greenhouse gases is carbon sequestration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration and capture (CCS) is a set of machineries that can greatly reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere from new and existing coal- and gas-fired power plants and large industrial sources. Carbon sequestration is a three-step process that includes the capture of carbon dioxide from power plants or industrial processes and the transport of the captured and compressed carbon dioxide through usually pipelines. After capture, carbon dioxide is compressed and then transported to a site where it is injected underground for permanent storage, or sequestration, as it is commonly transported by pipeline, but can also be transported by train, truck, or ship. The third step is underground injection and geologic sequestration, or removal and storage, of the carbon dioxide into deep underground rock formations and layers that are often a mile or more beneath the surface around 6,000 to 7,000 feet beneath the surface. Geologic formations that are fit for sequestration include depleted oil and gas fields, deep coal seams, and saline formations. This is because the carbon dioxide is injected underground into layers that consist of porous rock that can hold the carbon dioxide as overlying these formations are impermeable, non-porous layers of rock that trap the carbon dioxide and prevent it from migrating both upward and downward. Carbon dioxide sequestration could play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while also enabling low-carbon electricity generation from the many power plants as 40 percent of the carbon dioxide emissions in the United States are from electric power generation according to the estimation in the United States Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. CCS technologies are currently available and can dramatically reduce by 80 to 90 percent the carbon dioxide emissions from power plants that burn fossil fuels. For example, when applied to a 500 Mega-Watt coal-fired power plant which emits approximately three million tons of carbon dioxide per year, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) avoided would be equivalent to planting more than 62 million trees and waiting at least ten years for them to grow and avoiding annual electricity-related emissions from more than 300,000 homes. CCS could be used to reduce emissions from industrial processes such as cement production and natural gas processing facilities, too. According to the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, carbon dioxide is used for a wide range of end uses as sources this stored carbon dioxide from power and processing plants can be applied to. End uses of this carbon dioxide include enhanced crude oil recovery from oil fields (EOR), food and beverage manufacturing, pulp and paper manufacturing, and metal fabrication. As one can see, carbon sequestration could be a major solution to reducing carbon dioxide in the air of Lima, Peru especially since air pollution and greenhouse gases are major issues.
Walkshed technology is an app based program that helps people travel to places on foot depending on their personal preference. Walkability makes our neighborhoods more economically robust, reduces our impact on the environment, and increases the health and happiness of our citizens. The benefits have persuaded many cities to become more walkable. However it is very difficult to manage something that you cannot measure. Walkability is a concept that is affected street connectivity, access to amenities, and the preferences of the pedestrian. Inspired by Alan Durning of the Sightline Institute and his concept of a "walkshed index", Aaron Ogle is researching ways to accurately calculate and map walkability. Walkshed is a web application that enables users to explore walkable heat maps. The heat maps visualize access to a diverse set of amenities such as grocery stores and parks by taking street connectivity and user preferences into account. As a result, it enables users to pinpoint the neighborhood areas that are walkable to the amenities that they want. This is just one other solution that could used to solve the problem of too many carbon dioxide emissions since cars and the burning of fossil fuels are a major cause to be stopped.
Another solution that Lima can look towards to is planting more trees in the area. Although Lima is sitting in the middle of the desert with lack of rain, despite its mild climate, Lima is actually a great place for planting any kind of plant from roses to fruit trees and tropical plants. One thing that makes gardening in Lima easy is that the gardening season is all year round because the weather never gets cold enough for frost and the weather is never too destructive to plants. In Lima, it is always best to plant trees in the spring during the growing season with gardens and yards fertilized and trees with fruit in the summer should be pruned in mid-August. About 13 hectares of forests are lost each year, but by restoring degraded forest lands in Peru it is now one of the most productive ways to reduce climate change emissions and decrease deforestation. A great start would be the Ecoan reforestation project aiming to plant a million trees in the Sacred Valley of Pery by 2020. Although it might seam ambitious to those in Peru, with the determination and help of associations like the local NGO and ECOAN, it is a feasible goal. The LATA Foundation looks at this project as vital to reforest the high Andes, to provide a habitat for endangered species, and to produce essential resources for energy in the community. Much of the land replanted in Peru has been deforested for the past 15 years and is now used for subsistence farming or is considered unusable. The land will be restored as natural forest or as “agroforestry” which is a mix of trees and crop land, or “solvo-pasture” which is a combination of trees with animals. According to the World Resources Institute, one of the five research groups working with the government in the 2020 reforesting project has stated that greenhouse gases were released by Latin American and Caribbean countries in 2012, from agriculture and the loss of forests. Cutting down the forests gives open space for ranches that release carbon. So the project to restore the lost forest land will reduce the number of greenhouse gas emissions and lessen the problem of deforestation. The solution of planting more trees can be connected to culture as a majority of Lima's festivals are for repaying the earth and Mother Earth, or Pachamama, for her kindness by offering coca leaves and giving praise to her during agricultural occasions for to make sure that the people would have an adequate supply of food. Pachamama was a goddess who ruled over planting, harvesting, and the earth itself as she lived beneath the mountains and in Urkhapacha, the Underworld. This is connected to our solution of planting more trees because Peruvians believed in this dragoness as the ruler of planting, in which the solution is to plant more trees, meaning the Peruvian society would already support this idea in favor of their beliefs.
What Lima, Peru Has Already Done to Address the Problem:
Has Lima taken any steps to solve such environmental issues? Definitely. Many actions have been taken to address the environmental problems of not only Lima, Peru, but also the country of Peru as a whole. There are people currently working together to solve the environmental problems of Peru, for some of these problems affect the outcome in the world itself like that of climate change. People like the United States Secretary of State, John Kerry; the Ambassador in Peru, Brian Nichols; the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Christina Figueres; the Environment Minister of Peru, Manuel Pulgar-Vidal; and many of the other diplomats, scientists, experts, activists, and all of those concerned citizens have been hard at work into committing action to make sure that these problems are set right. One of the actions that can be addressed is that because of all of everyone’s’ and the many nations’ hard work of coming together, there are now enough pledges from the international community to meet and exceed the original Climate Green Fund target of ten billion dollars, with the United States being one of the proud donators of three billion dollars contributed and the announcement of other countries like Australia, Belgium, Colombia, and such also contributing in the recent months to help Peru get over the hurdle of climate change. All of this will help to make sure that this fund can succeed in helping Peru, one of the most overburdened nations of the world, to do more to be able to respond to climate change.
Another concrete stepping stone being taken by Lima, Peru, the capital of Peru, is the hosting of COP-20 and/or CMP10, also known as the twentieth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP20) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parts to Kyoto Protocol (CMP10) which all took place in December of 2014 in Peru. By hosting such, it provides Peru with advantages towards furthering its address to the many environmental problems. As stated by the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC, in such a year of climate ambition, support is being given to the Government of Peru in their leadership towards COP20 – CMP10 as this will be a test of success in Lima to then provide a clear draft of the universal, worldly agreement. Such a draft is to be shared in determination by all in order to deliver significant national contributions towards building a low carbon resilient future, initial capitalization of the Green Climate Fund, and the mobilization of the a broad amount of actors to turn such potential for solutions into reality on the ground without further ado. Mr. Pulgar-Vidal, the President-designate of COP20 and CMP10, also says himself that Lima is in a crucial moment needed to reach a climate agreement by 2015 as together can actions be taken in order to facilitate a complex global negotiation process in a changing world on achieving realistic goals towards working together in Lima to fix the environmental garden of the world. As these Mr. Pulgar-Vidal stated, actions are being taken to ensure that the environmental problems of Lima are addressed and on course to leading the world into prosperity as a goal.
As stated above, COP20 and CMP10 was hosted by Lima, Peru, and as one of the key outcomes of it, the world is now on track to a new universal climate agreement with the “Lima Call for Climate Action” prospect. Such governments agree on ground rules to contributions of such problems in terms of agreement and boost adaptation as now there are clearer elements of new agreements evolving within the Peruvian capital. In Lima, Peru, on December 14th, 2014, there was a new 2015 agreement on climate change that will harness actions by all nations into taking a much more advanced important step forward towards following two weeks of negotiations of over 190 countries. With the help of the United Nations, Peru will be the one to help form the foundation for climate action post 2020 when the new agreement is set to come into effect through these Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Using Lima, Peru as a basis, many new ideas and resolutions as a result of the two week twentieth Conference of the Parties have also been implemented towards Lima as the countries have made significant progress in elevating adaptations and changes of such onto the same levels as to perform action to cut and curb emissions within Peru. The COP President, Mr. Pulgar-Vidal, said himself that Lima has given a new urgency towards fast tracking adaption and building resilience across the developing world and itself by at least strengthening the link to finance and the development of nation adaptation plans, while in Lima, the governments are also left with a far clearer vision of what the draft agreement will look like in 2015 and the next round of negotiations for solving its own problems. This Lima Climate Conference has achieved in itself a range of other important outcomes and decisions as the “firsts” in the history of the national and international climate process. Pledges were made by both developed and developing countries and its delegations both prior to and during the COP that took the capitalization of the new Green Climate Fund (GCF) past an initial ten billion dollar target. Such a fund is one that has helped Lima tremendously with its environmental problems where the purpose of the Fund is to make a significant and ambitious contribution to the global efforts towards attaining the goals set by the international community to combat climate change given its urgency and seriousness. The Fund will contribute to the achievement of the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC as in the context of sustainable development, the Fund will promote the shift towards low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways by providing support to developing countries such as Peru itself to limit or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to the impacts of climate change. The GCF is another stepping stone taken by Lima, Peru, as it takes into account the needs of these developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, guided by the principles and provisions of the COP20. With the GCF in action and the many persistent people of Lima to put Peru on course to addressing its problems, Lima is currently on its way to fixing its current state of environment from so-so to better than ever with the help of the UNFCCC, UNEP, the GCP, and Mr. Pulgar-Vidal.
Lima, Peru is beginning to take steps forward on adapting itself, where such includes the Lima Adaptation Knowledge Initiative. There was progress made in Lima on elevating the environmental adaptation onto the same level of its curbing and cutting of curbing greenhouse gas emissions, where such will be done through recognition that National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) offer an important way of delivering resilience as realized by Mr. Pulgar-Vidal. Such NAPs will now be made more visible to improve opportunities since the signal to start was given for discussion with the GCF on how countries can be supported with their NAPs should they increase the number of these plans coming for support. Manuel, the COP President, himself launched a NAP Global Network involving Peru, the United States, Germany, the Philippines, Togo, the United Kingdom, Jamaica, and Japan as the Lima Adaptation Knowledge initiative, which is a pilot project under the Nairobi Work Programme, has underlined the establishment of adaptive environmental needs of communities that can be successfully “captured.” Many countries supported such an idea of replicating this in Peru, Least Developed Countries, Small Island Developing States, and Africa for testing of success that can be applied globally. A work programme was also established under the Committee in Peru as it has an array of areas that can include the enhancing of understanding how loss and damage occurs due to climate change that is affecting particularly vulnerable developing countries and populations of not only Peru but also ethnic or minority status ones. As of now, Lima is seeking to find a better understanding of how climate change impacts human migration and displacement, too, which may prove useful to addressing its own problems of climate change as Lima and Peru needs to gain this support.
In addition, to finance the response to climate change, the Peruvian government made progress on coordinating the delivery of climate finance and of many various already existing funds like the GCF as further pledges were made to it of Norway and Austria which in the end brought the total sum pledged to the GCF close to 10.2 billion in USD (United States Dollars) as a further boost to the adaptions of developing countries like how Germany made a pledge of 55 million Euros to the Adaptation Fund, another help to Peru’s problems. China has also announced ten million dollars for other cooperation allied with Peru and even mentioned that they would double it next year in 2016. Besides money, technology is also being provided to developing countries as the Lima meeting sent an important signal that the transfer of climate technologies with the assistance of the United Nations and other international agencies is picking up speed in providing such help to Peru and around another 30 who also request for such assistance to the Climate Technology Centre and Network as such can allow the nations to monitor their climate change’s impact on the biodiversity of the environment. Education and awareness-raising is another action being done to address such problems as the Lima Ministerial Declaration on Education and Awareness-raising was announced to aim at developing educational strategies to incorporate the issues of climate change within curriculums, while also raising awareness on climate change in the design and implementation of national development and climate change strategies. That is not all however for besides what is being done currently, future highlights can be made on what will be done to address like UNFCCC Pre-2020T Action Forum and ‘Fair,’ UNFCCC NAMA Day, and such. The Pre-2020 Action Forum is part of the efforts made by countries to speed up the pre-2020 climate action as it is organized to showcase how the policy and action is being scaled and how many countries are taking action across themes from renewable energies to more sustainable land use, something Lima needs in order to have the motivation to improve itself. That is not the only motivation provided for Lima as climate action on the ground is also being celebrated by the UN as the UNFCCC secretariat’s Momentum for Change Initiative will also be presenting awards to delegations and representatives of some of the best examples of climate solutions in the world which will inspire Peru and many others to increase climate action. Lastly, NAMA Day, is a special event that will take place on actions to reduce emissions with the help of “nationally appropriate mitigation actions,” or NAMAs, which are plans of developing countries to develop sustainably that can then be supported by developed countries which Lima definitely needs the support of as one of the requester for support as the secretariat of UNFCCC has established a registry to match requests for and offers of support. With any of the United Nations help, and the many resolutions and actions created for providing climate technologies, financial recognition, funding, and the many strategies, educational or not, to Lima, not only will Mr. Pulgar-Vidal’s help be wasted but that everything possible to address is done.
Walkshed technology is an app based program that helps people travel to places on foot depending on their personal preference. Walkability makes our neighborhoods more economically robust, reduces our impact on the environment, and increases the health and happiness of our citizens. The benefits have persuaded many cities to become more walkable. However it is very difficult to manage something that you cannot measure. Walkability is a concept that is affected street connectivity, access to amenities, and the preferences of the pedestrian. Inspired by Alan Durning of the Sightline Institute and his concept of a "walkshed index", Aaron Ogle is researching ways to accurately calculate and map walkability. Walkshed is a web application that enables users to explore walkable heat maps. The heat maps visualize access to a diverse set of amenities such as grocery stores and parks by taking street connectivity and user preferences into account. As a result, it enables users to pinpoint the neighborhood areas that are walkable to the amenities that they want. This is just one other solution that could used to solve the problem of too many carbon dioxide emissions since cars and the burning of fossil fuels are a major cause to be stopped.
Another solution that Lima can look towards to is planting more trees in the area. Although Lima is sitting in the middle of the desert with lack of rain, despite its mild climate, Lima is actually a great place for planting any kind of plant from roses to fruit trees and tropical plants. One thing that makes gardening in Lima easy is that the gardening season is all year round because the weather never gets cold enough for frost and the weather is never too destructive to plants. In Lima, it is always best to plant trees in the spring during the growing season with gardens and yards fertilized and trees with fruit in the summer should be pruned in mid-August. About 13 hectares of forests are lost each year, but by restoring degraded forest lands in Peru it is now one of the most productive ways to reduce climate change emissions and decrease deforestation. A great start would be the Ecoan reforestation project aiming to plant a million trees in the Sacred Valley of Pery by 2020. Although it might seam ambitious to those in Peru, with the determination and help of associations like the local NGO and ECOAN, it is a feasible goal. The LATA Foundation looks at this project as vital to reforest the high Andes, to provide a habitat for endangered species, and to produce essential resources for energy in the community. Much of the land replanted in Peru has been deforested for the past 15 years and is now used for subsistence farming or is considered unusable. The land will be restored as natural forest or as “agroforestry” which is a mix of trees and crop land, or “solvo-pasture” which is a combination of trees with animals. According to the World Resources Institute, one of the five research groups working with the government in the 2020 reforesting project has stated that greenhouse gases were released by Latin American and Caribbean countries in 2012, from agriculture and the loss of forests. Cutting down the forests gives open space for ranches that release carbon. So the project to restore the lost forest land will reduce the number of greenhouse gas emissions and lessen the problem of deforestation. The solution of planting more trees can be connected to culture as a majority of Lima's festivals are for repaying the earth and Mother Earth, or Pachamama, for her kindness by offering coca leaves and giving praise to her during agricultural occasions for to make sure that the people would have an adequate supply of food. Pachamama was a goddess who ruled over planting, harvesting, and the earth itself as she lived beneath the mountains and in Urkhapacha, the Underworld. This is connected to our solution of planting more trees because Peruvians believed in this dragoness as the ruler of planting, in which the solution is to plant more trees, meaning the Peruvian society would already support this idea in favor of their beliefs.
What Lima, Peru Has Already Done to Address the Problem:
Has Lima taken any steps to solve such environmental issues? Definitely. Many actions have been taken to address the environmental problems of not only Lima, Peru, but also the country of Peru as a whole. There are people currently working together to solve the environmental problems of Peru, for some of these problems affect the outcome in the world itself like that of climate change. People like the United States Secretary of State, John Kerry; the Ambassador in Peru, Brian Nichols; the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Christina Figueres; the Environment Minister of Peru, Manuel Pulgar-Vidal; and many of the other diplomats, scientists, experts, activists, and all of those concerned citizens have been hard at work into committing action to make sure that these problems are set right. One of the actions that can be addressed is that because of all of everyone’s’ and the many nations’ hard work of coming together, there are now enough pledges from the international community to meet and exceed the original Climate Green Fund target of ten billion dollars, with the United States being one of the proud donators of three billion dollars contributed and the announcement of other countries like Australia, Belgium, Colombia, and such also contributing in the recent months to help Peru get over the hurdle of climate change. All of this will help to make sure that this fund can succeed in helping Peru, one of the most overburdened nations of the world, to do more to be able to respond to climate change.
Another concrete stepping stone being taken by Lima, Peru, the capital of Peru, is the hosting of COP-20 and/or CMP10, also known as the twentieth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP20) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parts to Kyoto Protocol (CMP10) which all took place in December of 2014 in Peru. By hosting such, it provides Peru with advantages towards furthering its address to the many environmental problems. As stated by the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC, in such a year of climate ambition, support is being given to the Government of Peru in their leadership towards COP20 – CMP10 as this will be a test of success in Lima to then provide a clear draft of the universal, worldly agreement. Such a draft is to be shared in determination by all in order to deliver significant national contributions towards building a low carbon resilient future, initial capitalization of the Green Climate Fund, and the mobilization of the a broad amount of actors to turn such potential for solutions into reality on the ground without further ado. Mr. Pulgar-Vidal, the President-designate of COP20 and CMP10, also says himself that Lima is in a crucial moment needed to reach a climate agreement by 2015 as together can actions be taken in order to facilitate a complex global negotiation process in a changing world on achieving realistic goals towards working together in Lima to fix the environmental garden of the world. As these Mr. Pulgar-Vidal stated, actions are being taken to ensure that the environmental problems of Lima are addressed and on course to leading the world into prosperity as a goal.
As stated above, COP20 and CMP10 was hosted by Lima, Peru, and as one of the key outcomes of it, the world is now on track to a new universal climate agreement with the “Lima Call for Climate Action” prospect. Such governments agree on ground rules to contributions of such problems in terms of agreement and boost adaptation as now there are clearer elements of new agreements evolving within the Peruvian capital. In Lima, Peru, on December 14th, 2014, there was a new 2015 agreement on climate change that will harness actions by all nations into taking a much more advanced important step forward towards following two weeks of negotiations of over 190 countries. With the help of the United Nations, Peru will be the one to help form the foundation for climate action post 2020 when the new agreement is set to come into effect through these Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Using Lima, Peru as a basis, many new ideas and resolutions as a result of the two week twentieth Conference of the Parties have also been implemented towards Lima as the countries have made significant progress in elevating adaptations and changes of such onto the same levels as to perform action to cut and curb emissions within Peru. The COP President, Mr. Pulgar-Vidal, said himself that Lima has given a new urgency towards fast tracking adaption and building resilience across the developing world and itself by at least strengthening the link to finance and the development of nation adaptation plans, while in Lima, the governments are also left with a far clearer vision of what the draft agreement will look like in 2015 and the next round of negotiations for solving its own problems. This Lima Climate Conference has achieved in itself a range of other important outcomes and decisions as the “firsts” in the history of the national and international climate process. Pledges were made by both developed and developing countries and its delegations both prior to and during the COP that took the capitalization of the new Green Climate Fund (GCF) past an initial ten billion dollar target. Such a fund is one that has helped Lima tremendously with its environmental problems where the purpose of the Fund is to make a significant and ambitious contribution to the global efforts towards attaining the goals set by the international community to combat climate change given its urgency and seriousness. The Fund will contribute to the achievement of the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC as in the context of sustainable development, the Fund will promote the shift towards low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways by providing support to developing countries such as Peru itself to limit or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to the impacts of climate change. The GCF is another stepping stone taken by Lima, Peru, as it takes into account the needs of these developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, guided by the principles and provisions of the COP20. With the GCF in action and the many persistent people of Lima to put Peru on course to addressing its problems, Lima is currently on its way to fixing its current state of environment from so-so to better than ever with the help of the UNFCCC, UNEP, the GCP, and Mr. Pulgar-Vidal.
Lima, Peru is beginning to take steps forward on adapting itself, where such includes the Lima Adaptation Knowledge Initiative. There was progress made in Lima on elevating the environmental adaptation onto the same level of its curbing and cutting of curbing greenhouse gas emissions, where such will be done through recognition that National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) offer an important way of delivering resilience as realized by Mr. Pulgar-Vidal. Such NAPs will now be made more visible to improve opportunities since the signal to start was given for discussion with the GCF on how countries can be supported with their NAPs should they increase the number of these plans coming for support. Manuel, the COP President, himself launched a NAP Global Network involving Peru, the United States, Germany, the Philippines, Togo, the United Kingdom, Jamaica, and Japan as the Lima Adaptation Knowledge initiative, which is a pilot project under the Nairobi Work Programme, has underlined the establishment of adaptive environmental needs of communities that can be successfully “captured.” Many countries supported such an idea of replicating this in Peru, Least Developed Countries, Small Island Developing States, and Africa for testing of success that can be applied globally. A work programme was also established under the Committee in Peru as it has an array of areas that can include the enhancing of understanding how loss and damage occurs due to climate change that is affecting particularly vulnerable developing countries and populations of not only Peru but also ethnic or minority status ones. As of now, Lima is seeking to find a better understanding of how climate change impacts human migration and displacement, too, which may prove useful to addressing its own problems of climate change as Lima and Peru needs to gain this support.
In addition, to finance the response to climate change, the Peruvian government made progress on coordinating the delivery of climate finance and of many various already existing funds like the GCF as further pledges were made to it of Norway and Austria which in the end brought the total sum pledged to the GCF close to 10.2 billion in USD (United States Dollars) as a further boost to the adaptions of developing countries like how Germany made a pledge of 55 million Euros to the Adaptation Fund, another help to Peru’s problems. China has also announced ten million dollars for other cooperation allied with Peru and even mentioned that they would double it next year in 2016. Besides money, technology is also being provided to developing countries as the Lima meeting sent an important signal that the transfer of climate technologies with the assistance of the United Nations and other international agencies is picking up speed in providing such help to Peru and around another 30 who also request for such assistance to the Climate Technology Centre and Network as such can allow the nations to monitor their climate change’s impact on the biodiversity of the environment. Education and awareness-raising is another action being done to address such problems as the Lima Ministerial Declaration on Education and Awareness-raising was announced to aim at developing educational strategies to incorporate the issues of climate change within curriculums, while also raising awareness on climate change in the design and implementation of national development and climate change strategies. That is not all however for besides what is being done currently, future highlights can be made on what will be done to address like UNFCCC Pre-2020T Action Forum and ‘Fair,’ UNFCCC NAMA Day, and such. The Pre-2020 Action Forum is part of the efforts made by countries to speed up the pre-2020 climate action as it is organized to showcase how the policy and action is being scaled and how many countries are taking action across themes from renewable energies to more sustainable land use, something Lima needs in order to have the motivation to improve itself. That is not the only motivation provided for Lima as climate action on the ground is also being celebrated by the UN as the UNFCCC secretariat’s Momentum for Change Initiative will also be presenting awards to delegations and representatives of some of the best examples of climate solutions in the world which will inspire Peru and many others to increase climate action. Lastly, NAMA Day, is a special event that will take place on actions to reduce emissions with the help of “nationally appropriate mitigation actions,” or NAMAs, which are plans of developing countries to develop sustainably that can then be supported by developed countries which Lima definitely needs the support of as one of the requester for support as the secretariat of UNFCCC has established a registry to match requests for and offers of support. With any of the United Nations help, and the many resolutions and actions created for providing climate technologies, financial recognition, funding, and the many strategies, educational or not, to Lima, not only will Mr. Pulgar-Vidal’s help be wasted but that everything possible to address is done.